Everything You Need To Know To Find The Best electronic manipulators

WHAT IS A MANIPULATOR ROBOT?

Robot manipulators are robotic systems designed to perform physical manipulation tasks, such as lifting, moving and placing objects in different industrial environments without the need for direct contact by an operator.

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These traditional industrial manipulators consist, typically, of an articulated mechanical arm that is fixedly installed in the desired location and can be controlled autonomously or teleoperated by a human operator.

The manipulator arm will also carry an end tool (end effector) depending on the application. End tools can be vacuum grippers, grippers, robotic hand, screwdriver, or advanced vision / scanning systems, among others.

The first uses of manipulator arms were, mostly, those that required handling materials in places with difficult access or whose contact was dangerous for humans: radioactive, heavy, high temperatures, high voltage, etc.

Nowadays, when talking about manipulator robots, we no longer understand only the manipulator arm fixed in a static way, but mobile manipulation appears as an advanced development arising from the integration of a manipulator arm and a mobile robotic platform.

WHAT IS A MOBILE MANIPULATOR ROBOT?

A mobile manipulator is a robot that combines the manipulation capabilities of a robotic arm with the mobility of a mobile platform. That is, a mobile manipulator is capable of moving from one location to another while performing part handling tasks such as lifting, transporting or placing objects. The most frequent mobile manipulation applications are in logistics and warehouses to transport goods between shelves or storage areas, as well as in manufacturing applications to move materials or manipulate parts between different workstations autonomously.

This mobile manipulator can autonomously perform tasks ranging from assembly or assembly of electronic components to quality control.
It is equipped with a combination of sensors and actuators that enable them to understand and respond to their environment efficiently. This includes proximity sensors to detect obstacles and avoid collisions or navigation and localization systems to plan routes and move autonomously in dynamic, unstructured environments.

Improved sensory perception has enabled mobile manipulators to detect and map their environment more accurately, thanks to the integration of advanced sensors such as 3D cameras, LiDAR and ultrasound systems. In addition, the continuous development of path planning algorithms allows them to calculate optimal routes and avoid obstacles in real time, improving efficiency and safety in autonomous navigation. The integration of machine learning systems has also made it easier for mobile robots to learn and adapt to their environment, improving decision-making and optimizing their performance in different tasks and conditions.

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KEY FEATURES OF MANIPULATOR ROBOTS

One of the main features of robot manipulators is their ability to handle objects of different shapes, sizes and weights with exceptional accuracy and repeatability. This makes them ideal for a wide variety of industrial applications, such as product assembly, material handling on production lines or loading and unloading goods in warehouses and distribution centers.

In addition, manipulator robots are often equipped with a wide range of sensors, such as cameras, force sensors and proximity sensors, which enable them to adapt to the task efficiently. These sensors can be used to detect the presence of objects and obstacles, measure forces and torques during manipulation, and dynamically adjust the robot’s path and speed based on environmental conditions.

Another important feature of robot manipulators is their ability to work in harsh and hazardous environments for humans. For example, manipulator robots are commonly used in welding, painting and nuclear dismantling applications, where they can operate safely in environments with high temperatures, radiation or toxic chemicals.

COLLABORATIVE ROBOTICS: ENHANCING HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION

Collaborative tasks in robotics refer to those activities in which robots work in close collaboration with humans or other robots to achieve a common goal. These tasks mean an active, coordinated and safe interaction between the different agents involved, either by sharing information, resources or physical space, in order to perform a task efficiently.

Collaboration in robot manipulators can be in several ways:

• • Human-robot collaboration: mobile manipulators work together with people to perform a specific task. This can refer to performing physical manipulation tasks together or performing independent but shared tasks in the same workspace.
  • Inter-robot collaboration: manipulator robots can also collaborate with other robots to perform complex tasks that require the combination of different skills. For example, several robots can explore and map an unknown environment or coordinate for the different stages of product delivery in an automated warehouse.

Thus, collaborative robotics is set to improve efficiency, accuracy and safety in a wide range of industrial and service applications. This opens up new opportunities for automation and process improvement in various industries, while ensuring a safe and collaborative working environment for workers.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

Collaborative mobile manipulation has experienced a remarkable evolution in recent years, advancing in important aspects such as sensing, localization, precision and reach. However, there are still challenges to be faced and much room for improvement in the robotics industry.

How can manipulator robots be optimized to perform collaborative tasks with humans?

To achieve effective and safe collaboration, a holistic approach that addresses design, configuration and safety must be addressed:

• • Operational capacity: The mobile manipulators available on the market have a limited load capacity on the manipulator arm. The one with the highest load capacity currently available is Robotnik's RB-ROBOUT+ which integrates the UR20 arm and can handle parts up to 20 kg.
  • Intuitive interfaces: To facilitate human-robot interaction, it is important to develop intuitive and user-friendly interfaces. This can include touch screens, simplified control panels or even gesture- or voice-based control systems that allow human operators to communicate with the robot in a natural way and without the need for overly complicated training.
  • Advanced sensors: equipping robots with advanced sensors, such as cameras and machine vision systems, is essential for them to accurately perceive and understand their environment. These sensors allow the robot to detect obstacles and adjust its behavior accordingly, which is essential in dynamic environments.
  • Safe path planning: path planning algorithms are key in human-robot collaboration. These algorithms must both take into account the presence of humans in the environment and optimize the robot's trajectory to avoid collisions and minimize injury risks.

WHAT TASKS CAN MOBILE MANIPULATION ROBOTS AUTOMATE?

Mobile manipulation robots are highly versatile and, as technology advances, can perform a wider range of tasks in different environments. Here are some of the tasks that these robots can perform:

• • Logistics and material transport: robot manipulators can transport materials and goods from one location to another at different points within warehouses, distribution centers and factories. For example, collecting parts from a storage area and transferring them to a point in the supply chain.
  • Automated picking and packing: with the right configuration and sensorization, these robots pick and pick products in warehouses for subsequent packaging. For example, a mobile robot can navigate a warehouse, identify products on shelves and pick them for placement into shipping containers based on customer orders.
  • Quality control: automating inspection and quality control frees human teams from a significant workload that is repetitive and mechanical. The repeatability of a robotic arm manipulator ensures accuracy and reliability in detecting faults or defective parts. By equipping a mobile manipulator robot with an end effector such as a vision camera, you enable it to perform safety and quality inspections in industrial environments.
  • Assisting hospitals and healthcare clinics: a mobile robot is of great help in assisting hospitals or healthcare clinics by automating logistical tasks such as transporting medical supplies, delivering medication to patients or assisting in the delivery of biological samples to laboratories.

FUTURE TRENDS IN MANIPULATOR ROBOT DEVELOPMENT

Technological innovation is expanding the range of robot manipulation applications. This also means that the manipulator arm is automating tasks more and more precisely, consistently and complexly.

Another important development is the increase in the range of components and end effectors that can be integrated into the robotic arm, depending on the task to be automated. Here you can find some of the options available on the market.

The trend in the industry points to a steady growth in collaborative mobile handling, which is becoming even more relevant due to its versatile, flexible and safe nature.

In conclusion, mobile manipulation robots offer a number of tangible advantages in terms of operational efficiency, product quality and workplace safety. Their ability to perform repetitive tasks with pinpoint accuracy makes them valuable assets in highly demanding manufacturing environments. Furthermore, the integration of advanced sensors and machine vision systems enables real-time error detection and correction, resulting in a significant reduction of waste and associated costs. In terms of safety, robotic manipulators can take on dangerous or tedious tasks, protecting human workers from injury and improving the quality of work life. As we move towards Industry 4.0, demand for robotic manipulators is expected to continue to grow, especially in sectors such as automotive, electronics and logistics. With continued innovation in materials, mechanical design and system control, robotic manipulators are poised to play an even more integral role in optimizing industrial processes and creating safer and more efficient work environments.

A manipulator is a robotic arm that interacts with the environment. It's not just an add-on; it's what gives a robot its purpose. It is responsible for the robot’s functionality, whether it's lifting a heavy object, assembling a small component, or painting a car.

Not all manipulators are created equal. Each type has its own set of characteristics—strengths, limitations, and ideal work environments. Picking the wrong one for your specific application is like using a bread knife to cut a steak—it's doable but far from efficient.

In this article, we'll dissect the different types of manipulators used in robotics, where they shine and their limitations. Whether you're interested in implementing a new robotic system or looking to upgrade an existing one, this article aims to guide you in making an informed choice.

Cartesian manipulators

Cartesian manipulators, also known as XYZ manipulators, have three linear joints that use the Cartesian coordinate system—X, Y, and Z—to move in straight lines along these axes. This straightforward geometry makes them easy to understand and program.

These manipulators are often found in applications like 3D printing, milling, and laser cutting, where you need straight lines and precision. You'll mostly see Cartesian manipulators doing monotonous tasks that require a high degree of accuracy, like placing electronic components on a circuit board.

Pros: 

• The design is simple, making them easier to maintain and troubleshoot.
• Due to their straightforward geometry, Cartesian manipulators excel in tasks requiring high precision.
• They can handle substantial loads since the weight is distributed evenly across the structure.

Cons:

•  They can only move in straight lines, so if your application requires rotational movement, this isn't your best bet.
• They often occupy a larger workspace compared to other types, which can be a disadvantage in confined spaces.

Practical tip

When considering a Cartesian manipulator, evaluate the workspace carefully. If you have ample room and require precise, linear movements, this manipulator is an excellent choice. But, be cautious about using it in areas where multi-directional or rotational movements are necessary—Cartesian manipulators simply aren't built for that.

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Cylindrical manipulators

At first glance, cylindrical manipulators look somewhat like an arm extending from a cylindrical base. They have one rotary joint at the base and a linear joint that allows the arm to move vertically and radially. Their movement is based on cylindrical coordinates—hence the name.

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You'll find these manipulators in action where there's a need for a robust and straightforward system. They're often used in applications like material handling, simple pick-and-place tasks, and some types of machine tending.

Pros: 

• They can handle various tasks without needing constant adjustments, thanks to their fixed base.
• With fewer axes to worry about, programming a cylindrical manipulator can be less complex compared to more articulated systems.

Cons:

• Their reach is confined to a cylindrical space, which limits where they can go.
• While they're efficient for specific tasks, they might not be the fastest option available, especially for complex operations.

Practical tip

If you're eyeing a cylindrical manipulator, consider the space in which it will operate. If your tasks fall within a cylindrical work envelope and don't require complex maneuvers, this type might be an ideal fit. 

But, if your application calls for agility or a broad reach, you might want to explore other options.

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Spherical (Polar) manipulators

Unlike Cartesian or cylindrical manipulators, spherical manipulators use a combination of rotary joints to move within a spherical workspace. 

They have a fixed base and usually two or three rotary joints, allowing them to cover a broad range of motions within that sphere.

You can find them in tasks requiring a bit more freedom in movement than cylindrical ones can offer but still within a confined space. Applications might include welding, spray painting, or basic assembly tasks.

Pros: 

• Their design allows them to move with greater range within a confined workspace.
• Because they operate within a spherical envelope, they're better suited for spaces where the footprint needs to be minimized.
• They usually require fewer parts than more complex manipulators, making them relatively economical.

Cons:

• While they offer more freedom of movement, they might not be as precise as Cartesian or cylindrical systems.
• Despite their fewer parts, the spherical geometry can make them a bit more complex to program than their Cartesian counterparts.

Practical tip

If you need something more dynamic than a cylindrical system but still somewhat limited in its working envelope, a spherical manipulator could be your go-to. Just be prepared for a steeper learning curve when it comes to programming.

SCARA manipulators

SCARA stands for Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm, and as the name suggests, these manipulators are particularly well-suited for assembly tasks. They have two parallel rotary joints that provide compliance in a plane, making them ideal for horizontal movements.

You'll commonly find SCARA manipulators in environments that require fast, precise horizontal movements. Think of applications like high-speed assembly, sorting, or even certain types of packaging tasks.

Pros: 

• SCARA manipulators are built for speed, especially in horizontal directions. They can execute tasks quickly, making them efficient for high-throughput applications.
• They are highly accurate, especially in horizontal plane movements.
• With fewer joints and simpler construction, they're generally easier to maintain than more complex systems.

Cons:

• They excel in horizontal tasks but are not designed for extensive vertical movements.
• These manipulators operate best within a specific plane, so if your task requires multi-plane movements, you might need to look elsewhere.

Practical tip

If your application revolves around quick, precise horizontal movements—say, an assembly line for small electronics—a SCARA manipulator could be a game-changer. However, if you require a lot of lifting or vertical positioning, you might be better off considering other options.

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Articulated manipulators

Articulated manipulators, or robotic arms, are the closest to mimicking the human arm, with rotational joints that can range from just two to more than ten. They offer a high degree of freedom, allowing for movements in multiple planes.

They are very versatile, so they are widely used across various sectors, from healthcare and research to advanced manufacturing and even entertainment. You'll see them in tasks that require a high degree of dexterity, such as surgical procedures, complex assembly, and even artistic endeavors like painting.

Pros: 

• Their wide range of motion makes them suitable for tasks that require complex movements and high dexterity.
• Despite their complexity, articulated manipulators often have a smaller footprint due to their ability to fold into themselves.
• Many articulated systems are designed to handle substantial loads, given their mechanical complexity and stability.

Cons:

• The multiple degrees of freedom make these systems complex to program and control.
• Due to their complexity, articulated manipulators are often more expensive than other types, both in terms of initial purchase and ongoing maintenance.

Practical tip

Before opting for an articulated manipulator, take stock of the complexity of tasks you're looking to automate. If your operations require a high degree of dexterity and versatility, then the articulated system can be a strong contender. However, be prepared for the associated complexities in programming and costs.

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Parallel manipulators

Parallel manipulators, sometimes called hexapods, are unique because they rely on multiple, parallel-linked arms working together. This structure enables the end-effector—the part of the robot that interacts with the environment—to maintain its orientation as it moves.

These manipulators excel in specialized applications like flight simulators, precision assembly, and medical surgery. Whenever you need high accuracy, stiffness, and a relatively compact footprint, a parallel manipulator could be a good fit.

Pros: 

• These manipulators offer high levels of precision due to their multiple arms working together.
• The parallel linkage provides a level of rigidity, making these manipulators stable even under load.
• Due to their architecture, parallel manipulators can be incredibly responsive, which is vital in applications like medical surgery.

Cons:

• Despite their precision, their operational space is typically smaller compared to other types.
• The parallel structure requires sophisticated control algorithms, making them more challenging to program and operate.

Practical tip

If your application demands pin-point accuracy and stiffness within a confined space, a parallel manipulator could be a strong option. However, make sure you've got the expertise to program and maintain such a complex system, as it's not as straightforward as dealing with some of the other types.

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Conclusion

Selecting the right manipulator for your robotic application isn't a task that should be taken lightly. Your choice can have far-reaching implications on efficiency, cost, and the overall success of your operation. 

By understanding the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of different types of manipulators, you're better equipped to make an informed decision that aligns with your specific needs.

Whether you're aiming for speed in a high-throughput assembly line or precision in medical procedures, there's a manipulator out there tailored to your requirements. The key is to critically assess your operational demands and match them to the manipulator that offers the best synergy.

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