What Is a New-Energy Vehicle?

China, the world's largest EV market, uses the term to describe its plug-in electric vehicles, which could soon cruise U.S. streets.

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Wuling

When it comes to the adoption of electric vehicles, China is in a class of its own. According to MIT Technology Review, the People's Republic has been the world's largest market for EVs for the past eight years, with 6.8 million electric vehicles sold in alone. For comparison, the U.S. sold just over 800,000 EVs in .

To achieve its ambitious transition away from the internal-combustion engine, China has buttressed the EV industry by offering generous subsidies to manufacturers and buyers and by researching cheaper, safer lithium battery technology. Initially, China offered incentives for conventional hybrids, too, but for the past decade it has focused its investments solely on what it calls new-energy vehicles.

Wuling

New-Energy Vehicles Are Fully or Mostly Powered by Electricity

The Chinese government began using the term new-energy vehicle in to denote all plug-in electric vehicles, grouping them together as a way to raise awareness of vehicles powered either fully or predominantly by electricity.

New-energy vehicles encompass plug-in hybrids, full-battery electric vehicles, and fuel-cell electric vehicles. The Toyota Mirai and Hyundai Nexo are hydrogen fuel-cell cars sold in the United States — but only in California. While these vehicles fall under the new-energy vehicle umbrella, they are not yet a significant part of China's fleet.

China's New Energy-Vehicle Market Has Exploded

China officially launched its push to electrify its automotive industry in when it unveiled its first new-energy vehicle development plan. Recognizing that it could not keep pace with other global brands in the production of internal-combustion vehicles and traditional hybrids, China poured massive investment into domestic new-energy vehicle production and adoption.

While Tesla, the world's largest EV company, has played a big part in China's rapid adoption of new-energy vehicles, the country's domestic industry has also exploded over the past decade, to the point where native brands now dominate the market. As of , according to the International Council on Clean Transportation, Chinese brands such as Byd, Nio, Wuling, Xpeng, and Zeekr accounted for more than 70% of EVs sold in China. Eight of the 10 bestselling brands were Chinese.

Chinese Manufacturers Are Producing a Wide Range of Models

China's new-energy vehicle production has reached a point where manufacturers are now setting their sights on the export market, aiming to sell vehicles in both Europe and the U.S.

The most popular and promising non-Tesla models being sold in China include the Byd Han, the Chinese automaker's flagship luxury electric sedan. It's seen as a rival to Tesla's Model S. The Li Xiang One is a plug-in hybrid luxury midsize crossover. The Nio ET5 sedan claims a whopping 600-plus miles of range. The Wuling Hong Guang Mini EV is a small, popular city car available as either a hatchback or convertible.

All vehicle pricing includes MSRP plus destination charges (set at the time of publication) and will be rounded to the nearest thousand.

Connor Hoffman

Connor has worked in the automotive industry since both editorially and in public relations. He has tested and written about hundreds of cars and helped lead the media launches of the Toyota Tacoma and Land Cruiser. Connor started his career at Car and Driver after a summer internship and has also contributed to Edmunds, U.S. News & World Report, and J.D. Power. He lives in Kansas City, Kansas, with his wife and golden retriever and loves four-wheeling and camping in the Ozark mountains.

Market overview

In China, the term new energy vehicle (NEV) is used to designate automobiles that are fully or predominantly powered by electric energy, which include plug-in electric vehicles—battery electric vehicles (BEVs) , plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) 「also include extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs)」—and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).[1][2] The Chinese government began implementation of its NEV program in to foster the development and introduction of new energy vehicles,[1] and electric car buyers are eligible for public subsidies.

The stock of new energy passenger vehicles in mainland China is the largest in the world, with 20.41 million plug-in cars in use at the end of , accounting for 91% of all vehicles in circulation in China. All-electric cars account for 93% of the plug-in vehicle market. Sales in totaled 7.4 million units with a market share of 30.2% of total new car registrations, ranking as the world's largest sales volume that year.[3]

Sales of new energy vehicles since passed the 500,000 unit milestone in March , and the 1 million mark in early , both, excluding imports.[4][5] Cumulative sales of new energy passenger cars achieved the 500,000 unit milestone in September , and 1 million by the end of .[6][7] Domestically produced passenger cars account for 96% of new energy car sales in China.[7][8]

China also dominates the plug-in light commercial vehicle and electric bus deployment, with its stock reaching over 500,000 buses in , 98% of the global stock, and 247,500 electric light commercial vehicles, 65% of the global fleet.[citation needed] In addition, the country also leads sales of medium- and heavy duty electric trucks, with over 12,000 trucks sold, and nearly all battery electric.[9]

China has been the world's best-selling plug-in electric passenger car market for nine years running, from to , with annual sales rising from more than 207,000 plug-in passenger cars in , to 579,000 in , and just over 7 million units in .[9] A particular feature of the Chinese passenger plug-in market is the dominance of small entry level vehicles, in representing 87% of total pure electric car sales, while 96% of total plug-in hybrid car sales were in the compact segment.[10]

The government's political support for the adoption of electric vehicles has four goals, to create a world-leading industry that would produce jobs and exports; energy security to reduce its oil dependence which comes from the Middle East; to reduce urban air pollution; and to reduce its carbon emissions.[11] In June the State Council of China published a plan to develop the domestic energy-saving and new energy vehicle industry. The plan set a sales target of 500,000 new energy vehicles by and 5 million by .[12] As sales of new energy vehicles were slower than expected, in September , the central government introduced a subsidy scheme providing a maximum of US$9,800 toward the purchase of an all-electric passenger vehicle and up to US$81,600 for an electric bus.[13]

Government policies and incentives

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The Chinese government adopted in a plan to leapfrog current automotive technology, and seize the growing new energy vehicle (NEV) market to become of the world leaders in manufacturing of all-electric and hybrid vehicles. The government's political support for the adoption of electric vehicles has four goals, to create a world-leading industry that would produce jobs and exports; energy security to reduce its oil dependence which comes from the Middle East; to reduce urban air pollution; and to reduce its carbon emissions.[11][24] However, a study by McKinsey & Company found that even though local air pollution would be reduced by replacing a gasoline car with a similar-size electric car, it would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by only 19%, as China uses coal for 75% of its electricity production.[24] The Chinese government uses the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) to designate plug-in electric vehicles, and only pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are subject to purchase incentives. Initially, conventional hybrids were also included.[25]

On June 1, , the Chinese government announced a trial program to provide incentives for new energy vehicles of up to 60,000 yuan (~US$9,281 in June ) for private purchase of new battery electric vehicles and 50,000 yuan (~US$7,634 in June ) for plug-in hybrids in five cities.[26][27] The cities participating in the pilot program are Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Hefei and Changchun. The subsidies are paid directly to automakers rather than consumers, but the government expects that vehicle prices will be reduced accordingly. The amount of the subsidy will be reduced once 50,000 units are sold.[26][27] Electricity utilities have been ordered to set up electric car charging stations in Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin.[24][28] The government set the goal to raise the country's annual production capacity to 500,000 plug-in hybrid or all-electric cars and buses by the end of , up from 2,100 in .[24]

In June , the State Council of China published a plan to develop the domestic energy-saving and new energy vehicle industry. The plan set a sales target of 500,000 new energy vehicles by and 5 million by .[12][29] According to a report by McKinsey & Company, electric vehicle sales between January and June represented less than 0.01% of new car sales in China.[30] A mid-September joint announcement by the National Development and Reform Commission and finance, science, and industry ministries confirmed that the central government would provide a maximum of US$9,800 toward the purchase of an all-electric passenger vehicle and up to US$81,600 for an electric bus. The subsidies are part of the government's efforts to address China's problematic air pollution.[31]

A survey of Chinese and U.S. consumer preferences for different vehicle types found that regardless of the national subsidies and based solely on user preferences, Chinese consumers stated being willing to adopt BEVs and mid-range PHEVs at similar rates relative to their respective gasoline counterparts, whereas American consumers stated preferring low-range PHEVs over BEVs. The study highlights an increased preference of Chinese willingness to buy BEVs when compared to the U.S., implying a potential for earlier BEV adoption in China, given adequate supply.[32]

The China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) expected that sales of electric and hybrid electric vehicles in China would reach 60,000 to 80,000 units in .[16] As sales have been much lower than initially expected, and most of the deployed NEV stock has been purchased by the government for public fleets, new monetary incentives were issued in , and the national government set a sales target of 160,000 units for .[33][34] Although the goal was not achieved, new energy vehicles sales in totaled 74,763 units, up 324% from . The China Industrial Association of Power Sources expected new energy vehicle sales to reach between 200,000 and 220,000 NEVs in , and 400,000 units in .[35] The surge in demand continued in , with a total of 331,092 NEVs sold in , rising 343% year-on-year.[17][18]

Initially, CAAM expected new energy vehicle sales to more than double sales and reach 700,000 NEVs in .[36] After the government imposed penalties to several carmakers for defrauding the subsidy program out of almost 10 billion yuan, CAAM revised downward in September its sales target to 400,000 new energy vehicle orders.[37] Only 289,000 new energy vehicles had been sold during the first nine months of .[38]

As intercity driving is rare in China, electric cars provide several practical advantages because commutes are fairly short and at low speeds due to traffic congestion. These particular local conditions make the range limitation of all-electric cars less of a problem, especially as the latest Chinese models have a top speed of 100 km/h (60 mph) and a range of 200 km (120 mi) between charges.[24] As of May , Chinese automakers have developed at least 10 models of high-speed, all-electric cars with plans for volume production.[39]

The Chinese government reaffirmed their priority to promote new energy vehicles in its 13th Five-Year Plan (–). The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party approved the document that emphasizes boosting technological innovations in the manufacturing of new energy vehicles and promoting the use of electric cars, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell vehicles, included in its latest Five-Year Plan. The consulting firm PwC estimates the sales of new-energy vehicles in China will climb to 1.4 million units by , and about 3.75 million units by .[40]

As part of its commitment to promote electric vehicles, the Chinese government announced plans in September to build a nationwide charging-station network to fulfil the power demand of 5 million electric vehicles by . This network will cover residential areas, business districts, public space and inter-city highways, according to a guideline released by the State Council. Also, the plan mandates that new residential complexes should build charging points or assign space for them, while public parking lots should have no less than 10% of parking spaces with charging facilities. According to the guideline, there should be at least one public charging station for every 2,000 NEVs.[41] Also the State Council ordered local governments not to restrict the sales or use of new energy cars.[40]

In October , Tesla Motor announced the company is negotiating with the Chinese government on producing its electric cars domestically. Local production has the potential to reduce the sales prices of Tesla models by a third, and so improving the weak sales of the Model S.[42] A Model S starts at about US$76,000 in the U.S., while in China pricing starts at CN¥673,000, about US$106,000, after duties and other taxes.[43] Foreign automakers are generally required to establish a joint venture with a Chinese company to produce cars domestically.[42]

In April , the Traffic Management Bureau under the Ministry of Public Security announced the introduction of new green license plates to identify new energy vehicles, as opposed to the country's standard blue plates. The NEV plates include a Chinese character short for the provincial region where they are issued, and seven numbers and letters, compared to six on standard plates. The objective of the special plates is to facilitate police enforcement of the preferential policies that some local authorities apply to cleaner cars to help cut emissions and ease traffic.[44] For example, central Beijing has in place a road space rationing scheme, a driving restriction regulation that bans conventional vehicles from entering the city for one day a week, but new energy vehicles are exempted from the restriction.[45] Beijing also introduced a vehicle quota system in , awarding new car licenses through a lottery, with a ceiling of 6 million units for . New energy vehicles were placed in a special category where the odds of winning a license plate are much higher than conventional autos.[46]

In , China successively introduced policies related to new energy vehicles, involving infrastructure, subsidies and technology research and development. Among them, the – Policy Adjustment[47] focuses on subsidies to manufacturers through distinctive improved incentive designs and enforcement measures. Measures for the Parallel Administration of the Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Credits of Passenger Vehicle Enterprises[48] is an important policy in this year. This policy sets different standards for credit management methods for passenger car companies. It stipulates that companies with a production volume and import volume of more than 30,000 vehicles need to meet the credit requirements for new energy vehicles. The formulation of this policy clearly promotes the coordinated development of energy-saving and new energy vehicles, and improves the penetration rate of energy-saving technologies while reducing fuel consumption per vehicle.

In , China adjusted the purchase tax rate for small-displacement passenger vehicles. The purchase tax for passenger vehicles with a displacement of 1.6 liters and below is levied at the statutory tax rate of 10%,[49] which is 2.5% higher than last year. The purpose of the adjustment of the purchase tax rate is to limit the total number of motor vehicle registrations and promote the purchase rate of new energy vehicles. The specific regulations are implemented and managed in accordance with the Catalogue of NEV Models Exempt from Vehicle Purchase Tax.[50] In , the central and local subsidy standards and upper limits for new energy vehicles will be reduced by 20% on the basis of the current standards.[51] Subsidies for new energy vehicles are composed of national and local subsidies. Taking Beijing as an example, pure electric vehicles are divided into three levels of subsidies according to the mileage. After the subsidy is reduced by 20% in , the corresponding subsidy amount will also be reduced respectively. Plug-in hybrid and extended-range hybrid models cannot enjoy subsidies in Beijing, but can enjoy subsidies in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hangzhou and other places.

In , new measures that can help promote automobile consumption were determined at the executive meeting of the State Council. If the new energy vehicle subsidy expires at the end of this year, the purchase tax exemption policy will also be extended for 2 years.[52] The Ministry of Finance and other departments successively issued the Notice on the Demonstration Application of Fuel Cell Vehicles,[53] expressing further emphasis on new energy battery power technology, and at the same time proposing a new model for the development of fuel cell vehicles. In October, the New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan (–)[54] was passed, clarifying the future development direction of China's new energy vehicles.

From to , the purchase tax on the purchase of new energy vehicles will be exempted. New energy vehicles exempt from purchase tax include pure electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles. The four ministries issued the requirements of The Notice on Improving the Financial Subsidy Policy for the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles[55] on December 31, . This requirement stipulates the new energy vehicle subsidy standard in .

In , subsidies for new energy vehicles will be reduced by 30%[56][1] from the previous year. For passenger service vehicles, such as buses, taxis, sanitation vehicles, express vehicles, and new energy vehicles such as official vehicles of party and government agencies that meet the requirements, the subsidy standard will be reduced by 20%.[57] Compared with , there will be no major changes in the subsidy technical indicators in , and the changes will focus on the subsidy rate. The subsidy program will end on December 31, , which means that will be the last year for the implementation of the new energy subsidy policy.

In order to better support the development of new energy vehicles, relevant departments have issued relevant policies on the exemption of vehicle purchase tax for new energy vehicles, extending the expiration of new energy vehicles at the end of to the end of .[58] Vehicles are uniformly managed by the Catalogue of NEV Models Exempt from Vehicle Purchase Tax[59] issued by the State Administration of Taxation and other state agencies. From January 1, , as long as the pure electric type, plug-in hybrid type and fuel cell type vehicles included in the "Catalogue" are eligible for tax exemption. Although the purchase tax of new energy vehicles will be abolished in , the vehicle's tax payment certificate will still be required when the vehicle is licensed.

Between and , China spent 200 billion yuan (US$28 billion) on EV subsidies and tax breaks.[60] China ended the max. 12,600 yuan direct subsidy for BEV customers in . Until the end of , tax exemption is a maximum of 30,000 yuan, reducing to a maximum of 15,000 yuan until the end of .[61]

Local governments have also introduced corresponding policies. Shanghai government introduced new measures to promote car sales. From November 1 to December 31, , Shanghai government provided eligible individuals with a one-time car purchase subsidy of 15,000 yuan (2,106.45 U.S. dollars) for the purchase of new pure electric vehicles priced at 50,000 yuan or more. [2]

Main new energy vehicle companies in China

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A number of representative enterprises have emerged in China's new energy vehicle industry. BYD has become an industry leader with its strong technology research and development capabilities and complete industrial chain layout. Tesla, as a world-renowned electric vehicle manufacturer, also occupies an important share in the Chinese market. New forces such as NIO, Li Auto, and XPeng have won the favor of consumers with their high-end smart electric vehicles and precise market positioning. Traditional automakers such as GAC Aion, Geely Auto, SAIC Group, and Great Wall Motors have also achieved remarkable results in the field of new energy. In addition, emerging brands such as Leapmotor have successfully broken through with strategies such as "high configuration and low price", and technology giants such as Huawei and Xiaomi have also crossed over to layout the new energy vehicle market.

New energy vehicle sales

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Cumulative domestically built new energy vehicle sales in China totaled 1,728,447 units between January and December . These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and only accounts for vehicles manufactured in the country because imports are not subject to government subsidies.[19][4][62] As of December  , the Chinese stock of plug-in electric vehicles consisted of 1,385,088 all-electric vehicles (80.1%) and 343,359 plug-in hybrid vehicles (19.9%) sold since .[19][4][5][63] Most of the stock of new energy vehicles was sold during the last three years. Deliveries between and account for 93.4% of all domestically built new energy vehicle sales since , of which, 45.0% were sold in , 29.3% in , and 19.2% in .[14][15][16][17][18][19][4]

According to the Minister of Science and Technology, by mid- more than 80% of the country's plug-in stock was on duty in public fleet vehicles, used mainly in public transport, for both bus and taxi services, and also in solid waste recollection services (sanitation trucks).[11][64][65] As of December  , a total of 83,198 plug-in electric passenger cars and 36,500 pure electric buses had been registered in the country since .[66] A particular feature of the Chinese passenger plug-in market is the dominance of small entry level vehicles. In , all-electric car sales in the mini and small segments (A-segment) represented 87% of total pure electric car sales, while 96% of total plug-in hybrid car sales were in the compact segment (C-segment). Among the electric drive segments, mid-size car (D-segment) sales were significant only in the conventional hybrid segment, representing about 50% of hybrid sales.[10]

The country achieved record sales of 207,380 new energy passenger cars in , making China the world's top selling plug-in passenger car country market in calendar year , surpassing the European market and also the United States, the leading market in .[67][68][69] A total of 320,081 new energy passenger cars were sold in , ahead of both Europe (212,000) and the U.S. (157,181), allowing the country to remain as the world's top selling plug-in car market in .[70] The domestic plug-in segment market share totaled 1.3% of new car sales in .[70] These sales figures exclude imports, such as the Tesla Model S.[8] Domestically produced cars account for 96% of new energy car sales in China.[8]

China, together with the U.S., had the world's largest country stock of plug-in electric passenger cars until September , with the Chinese plug-in stock representing 29.2% of the global stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars.[75] In October , with about 31,000 plug-in passenger cars sold in China, while U.S. sales totaled over 11,000 units, China became the country with the world's largest stock of plug-in passenger cars, totaling about 553,000 units versus almost 533,000 in the American market.[75][76][77][78] The gap between the two countries widened in November , as 41,795 new energy passenger cars were sold in China, while only 14,124 were sold in the U.S.[79][80] By November , China's cumulative total plug-in passenger vehicles sales also overtook Europe, making the country the global leader in the light-duty plug-in vehicle segment.[62][69] As of December  , sales of domestically produced new energy passenger cars since totaled 632,371 units.[67][81] IHS Automotive predicted Chinese annual plug-in car sales will reach 1 million in , four years before the United States.[82] Chinese car buyers may also be more likely to adopt BEVs. A controlled survey experiment of car buyers in China and the U.S. suggest that U.S. consumer's willingness to buy a BEV is $10,000-$20,000 lower than an otherwise similar gasoline vehicle, whereas Chinese consumers' willingness to buy is within $10,000.[32]

As of December  , China listed as the world's leader in the plug-in heavy-duty segment, including electric buses and plug-in trucks, the latter, particularly sanitation/garbage trucks.[11][83] Over 160,000 heavy-duty new energy vehicles have been sold between and , of which, 123,710 (77.2%) were sold in .[18][66] Sales of commercial new energy vehicles in consisted of 100,763 all-electric vehicles (81.5%) and 22,947 plug-in hybrid vehicles (18.5%).[18]

In terms of the penetration rate of new energy vehicles, according to the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, the penetration rate of new energy vehicles reached in China reach 40.9% in [3]; According to the forecast of China Electric Vehicle 100, the penetration rate of new energy vehicles in China will reach about 55% in [4].

Electric buses

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The share of all-electric bus sales in the Chinese bus market climbed from 2% in to 9.9% in , and was expected to be closed to 20% for .[84] The global stock of plug-in battery electric bus in was estimated to be about 173,000 units, but almost entirely deployed in China, the world's largest electric bus market. Of these, almost 150,000 are all-electric buses. The Chinese electric bus stock grew nearly six-fold between and .[67] The production of all-electric buses totaled 115,664 units in , up 31% from 88,248 electric buses produced in .[85]

The Chinese stock of plug-in buses reached 343,500 units in , doubling the stock, with 300,000 units being all-electric vehicles. The global stock of electric buses was about 345,000 vehicles in , with only 1,273 deployed in Europe and 200 in the U.S.[86] The city of Shenzhen is leading the modernization and electrification effort in China with hundreds of electric buses already in operation in . Shenzhen set the goal of having a 100% electric bus fleet in .[86] China had about 385,000 electric buses by the end of , more than 99% of the global stock.[87] China also produces Hydrogen fuel cell buses, with over 8,000 in service.[88] These were used during the Beijing Winter Olympics, as batteries perform poorly in cold temperatures. From January to August , China sold 23,366 electric buses, representing 90.7% of total buses sales in China.[89] In , around 54,000 new electric buses were sold in China, representing 18% total electric buses sales in China and about 80% of global sales. In addition, many of the buses being sold in Latin America, North America and Europe are Chinese brands. Meaning that the electric buses built by China is now being sold almost worldwide.[90] And by early , China has over 670,000 buses with over 51% of those being electric buses. The numbers of electric buses have been growing for the past few years. The impacts of electric buses are not only limited in local places. Overseas, China provided around 900 electric buses for FIFA World Cup in Qatar, produced by Chinese manufacturer Yutong. Yutong's electric buses, which have a range of more than 200 kilometers on one charge, account for one-fourth of the buses running in the country during the event.[91]

The Chinese electric bus market continues to grow in and . In , Chinese manufacturers exported a total of 15,444 new energy buses, a year-on-year increase of 28.3%. Among them, BYD ranked first with 3,582 exports, Yutong and Higer ranked second and third respectively. [5]China's electric bus market shows positive growth in and , reflecting the increasing global demand for clean transportation solutions.

Low-speed vehicles and other modes

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Low-speed electric vehicles

[edit] See also: Low-speed vehicle and Microcar

Sales of low-speed electric vehicles (LSEVs) experienced considerable growth in China between and due to their affordability and flexibility because they can be driven without a driver license. Most of these low-speed electric cars are used in small cities, but they are expanding to larger cities.[67][86] These small vehicles are not accounted by the government as new energy vehicles (NEVs) due to safety and environmental concerns, and are excluded from government NEV purchase subsidies.[16][92] LSEVs generally have a maximum speed of between 40 and 70 km/h (25 and 43 mph), have short ranges and, in some cases, use lead-acid batteries and basic motor technology.[86]

About 200,000 low-speed small electric cars were sold in ,[16] and 750,000 units in .[92] LSEV sales in were estimated at 1.2 million, while highway capable plug-in passenger cars were over 300,000.[92] As of December  , the stock low-speed small electric car was estimated to be between 3 million and 4 million units.[86] However the sales ratio between LSEVs and passenger NEVs began to decrease beginning in . In , LSEVs sales were 15 times more than normal plug-in passenger cars, but the ratio declined to about four times in , and fell to 2.5 times in , when about 1.1 million normal passenger electric vehicles, compared to 1.4 million low-speed vehicles.[92]

The lack of regulations for LSEV manufacturers has led to poor safety performance. Traffic safety is also at stake. LSEVs struggle in large cities due to their poor acceleration and low top speeds. [6][7] LSEVs could jeopardize the market for electric cars, one of China's priorities for industrial policy development. For these reasons, legislation to regulate and standardize low-speed electric vehicles began to be discussed by the Chinese government in , including battery types (lead-acid versus lithium-ion batteries) and mandatory safety tests and vehicle dimensions.[86]

Two-wheelers and three-wheelers

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China continued to dominate both new registrations and the global stock of electric two-wheelers in , with about 26 million units sold. The stock of electric two-wheelers is estimated in the 200-230 million range by the end of , making China the global leader in this segment.[86]

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The high growth rate in electric two-wheelers is partially due to the country's policies to limit air pollution hazards, such as its ban on gasoline-powered motorcycles, limits on the issuing of licences, and the division of lanes. In addition, two-wheelers have reached cost parity with internal combustion engine models, making them affordable and attractive to consumers.[86]

From to , the sale of electric two-wheelers has gone from 30 million to almost 50 million, around 75.9% of global total.[93] The estimate sale in will be around 54 million.[94] Throughout the years, the demand of battery duration and intelligent functions have increased, under new policies and demands, the newly designed and upgraded electric two-wheelers will have lighter body weight. In addition, electric two-wheelers will also be installed with new technologies like auto lock, seat sensor, app connection and battery monitor. The goal is to meet the entertainment and functional needs of the consumers. With the increase of electric two-wheelers, the policy also become more complete, from helmet to charging regulations, the electric two-wheeler in China is now forming a stable system.

In , the total sales volume of electric two-wheelers in China was about 54.7 million. In , the total domestic sales volume of electric two-wheelers in China was about 49.5 million, a year-on-year decline of 11.6%. In , the total sales volume of electric two-wheelers in China in the overseas market reached 18.77 million, a year-on-year increase of 24.8%. [8] The main reason for the decline in domestic sales in China in is the saturation of the market and the continued intensification of competition in the industry.

National market

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–

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A total of 8,159 new energy vehicles were sold in China during , including passenger cars (61%) and buses (28%). Of these, 5,579 units were all-electric vehicles and 2,580 plug-in hybrids.[14] Electric vehicle sales represented 0.04% of total new car sales in .[95] Sales of new energy vehicles in reached 12,791 units, which includes 11,375 all-electric vehicles and 1,416 plug-in hybrids.[15] New energy vehicle sales in represented 0.07% of the country's total new car sales.[96] During new energy vehicle sales totaled 17,642 units, up 37.9% from and representing 0.08% of the nearly 22 million new car sold in the country in . Deliveries included 14,604 pure electric vehicles and 3,038 plug-in hybrids.[16][97]

The top selling new energy car in China between and was the Chery QQ3 EV city car, with 2,167 units sold in , 3,129 in , and 5,727 in .[11] The JAC J3 EV ranked second in with 2,485 units sold, followed by the BYD e6 with 1,690 cars.[11] During , the BYD e6 ranked second with 1,544 units sold, followed by the BAIC E150 EV with 1,466 units.[11] The BYD Qin plug-in hybrid was launched in the country in December .[98] The Qin replaced the BYD F3DM, the world's first mass-produced plug-in hybrid automobile, launched in China in December .[99][100][101]

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In April , Dongfeng Nissan announced that retail sales of the Chinese manufactured version of the Nissan Leaf, the Venucia e30, were scheduled to begin in September .[107] The Venucia e30 sold 582 units in .[108]

The first Tesla Model S retail deliveries took place in Beijing on 22 April .[109] About 2,800 Model S sedans have been imported by mid September , but only 432 had received the license plates.[110] According to a Tesla spokesman, the major reasons for the discrepancy could be that registration rules were holding deliveries in Shanghai, and Tesla only recently was able to start delivering the electric cars to customers who bought them in Shanghai. Secondly, many Chinese customers have delayed taking possession of their Model S car while waiting for the government to add the Tesla to the list of electric vehicles exempt from its 8% to 10% purchase tax.[110][111] As of January  , a total of 2,968 Model S cars have been registered in China.[112][113]

New energy vehicle sales in China during totaled 74,763 units, consisting of 45,048 all-electric vehicles, and 29,715 plug-in hybrids. Of these, 71% were passenger cars, 27% buses, and 1% trucks.[108] Pure electric vehicle sales increased 210% from while plug-in hybrid sales grew 880% from the previous year. Production of new energy vehicles in the country in reached 78,499 units, up 350% from . The plug-in electric segment market share reached 0.32% of the 23.5 million new car sales sold in .[17] The BYD Qin ranked as the top selling plug-in electric car in China in , with 14,747 units sold during the year,[108] and became the country's top selling plug-in passenger car ever.[103] The Qin was followed by the all-electrics Kandi EV with 14,398, Zotye Zhidou E20, with 7,341 units, and BAIC E150 EV with 5,234.[108][114]

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Domestically produced new energy vehicle sales in totaled a record 331,092 units, consisting of 247,482 all-electric vehicles and 83,610 plug-in hybrid vehicles, up 449% and 191% from , respectively.[18] Sales of plug-in passenger cars, excluding imports, totaled 207,380 units in , consisting of 146,720 all-electrics and 60,660 plug-in hybrids.[67] This record level of sales allowed China to rank as the world's best-selling plug-in electric car country market in , ahead of the U.S., which was the top selling country in .[68] The plug-in electric passenger car segment market share rose to 0.84% in , up from 0.25% in .[115] The top selling plug-in passenger models in were the BYD Qin plug-in hybrid with 31,898 units sold,[102] followed by the BYD Tang (18,375),[116] and the all-electrics Kandi EV (16,736), BAIC E150/160/200 EV (16,488), and the Zotye Z100 EV (15,467).[117]

As of December  , with 31,898 units sold in , the BYD Qin continued to rank as the all-time top selling plug-in passenger car in the country, with cumulative sales of 46,787 units since its introduction.[118][108][102][103] The BYD Qin was the world's second best selling plug-in hybrid car in , and also ranked fifth among the world's top selling plug-in electric cars in .[119] BYD Auto ended as the world's best selling manufacturer of highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles, with 61,772 units sold in China, followed by Tesla Motors, with global sales of 50,580 units in .[119][120][121] Accounting for heavy-duty vehicles, BYD total sales rises to 69,222 units.[121] BYD Auto net profits jumped 552.6% in to a total of CN¥2.829 billion (~ US$450 million). Sales of new energy vehicles were the main driver for BYD's huge profit growth, with alternative energy vehicles accounting for half of the company's profits while the same percentage in was just 27%.[121]

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The stock of new energy vehicles sold in China since passed the 500,000 unit milestone in March , including heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and making the country the world's leader in the plug-in heavy-duty segment. This figure only includes vehicles manufactured in the country as imports are not subject to government subsidies.[5]

A total of about 507,000 new energy vehicles were sold in , up 51.3% year-on-year, consisting of 409,000 pure electric vehicles, up 65.2% year-on-year, and 98,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles, up 17.2% from the same period the previous year.[19] Sales growth through September was lower than expected due to the government's inquiry about extensive fraud cases (include: Fictitious new energy vehicle production and sales business [9]; Apply for a motor vehicle license for vehicles that have not yet been completed in advance and apply for Chinese central government subsidy funds [10]) regarding subsidies granted to manufacturers in . As a result of this inquiry, the government withheld the release of the electric bus subsidy scheme. CAAM considered that without this subsidy, the goal of 500,000 new energy vehicle sales for would not be met.[38]

Cumulative sales of plug-in passenger cars achieved the 500,000 unit milestone in September . Imported plug-in cars, such as Tesla Model S or BMW i3s are not included.[6] A total of 320,081 new energy passenger cars were sold in , ahead of both Europe (212,000) and the U.S. (157,181).[70] The domestic plug-in segment market share totaled 1.3% of new car sales in .[70] Sales of BMW plug-in hybrid and i3 electric cars in China totaled 1,796 units during the first nine months of .[122] Tesla Inc. sales totaled 10,399 vehicles in , consisting of 6,334 Model S cars and 4,065 Model X SUVs.[123][124] In November , with cumulative sales of about 600,000 plug-in electric passenger cars, China had overtaken both Europe and the U.S., and became the market with the world's largest stock of light-duty plug-in vehicles.[62][69]

Three BYD Auto models topped the Chinese ranking of best-selling new energy passenger cars in . The BYD Tang plug-in hybrid SUV was the top selling plug-in car with 31,405 units delivered, followed by the BYD Qin (21,868), BYD e6 (20,605), BAIC E-Series EV (18,814), and the SAIC Roewe e550 (18,805).[125] As of December  , the BYD Qin, with 68,655 units sold since its inception, remained the all-time top selling plug-in electric car in the country.[108][102][118][103][126] A lot of the sales of the BYD and Roewe electric vehicles were contributed by rental fleets to run on ride share app giant Didi. [11]

In September , BYD Auto surpassed Mitsubishi Motors as the third largest global plug-in car manufacturer with cumulative sales of 161,000 plug-in cars delivered in China since , ranking behind Tesla Motors (164,000) and the Renault-Nissan Alliance (almost 369,000).[127] In October , BYD passed Tesla Motors to become the world's all-time second largest plug-in electric passenger car manufacturer with more than 171,000 units delivered in China since .[76][127] BYD Auto was the world's top selling plug-in car manufacturer for a second year in a row with more than 100,000 units delivered in China in , up 64% from , and ahead of Tesla by about 30,000 units.[128] However, in terms of sales revenue, Tesla ranked ahead with US$6.35 billion from its electric car sales in , while BYD sales totaled US$3.88 billion from its electric car division.[129] Cumulative sales of domestically built new energy vehicles in China totaled 951,447 units between January and December .[19][62]

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Chinese sales of domestically built new energy vehicles in totaled 777,000 units, up 53% from consisting of 652,000 all-electric vehicles (up 59.4%) and 125,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles (up 27.6%). Sales of domestically produced new energy passenger vehicles totaled 579,000 units, consisting of 468,000 all-electric cars and 111,000 plug-in hybrids.[4] Accounting for foreign brands, plug-in car sales rise to about 600,000 in , representing about half of global plug-in car sales in .[7] The plug-in segment achieved a record market share of 2.1% of new car sales.[7] Cumulative sales of domestically built new energy passenger cars totaled over 1.2 million units between and .[4][7] Cumulative sales of domestically built new energy vehicles in China totaled 1,728,447 units between and .[62][19][4]

The BAIC EC-Series all-electric city car was the Chinese top selling plug-in car in with 78,079 units sold, making the city car the world's top selling plug-in car in . The top selling plug-in hybrid was the BYD Song PHEV with 30,920 units. BYD Auto was the top selling Chinese car manufacturer in .[7] In , General Motors sold about 11,000 Baojun E100s, 1,600 Buick Velite 5's and about 2,000 Cadillac CT6 plug-ins.[130]

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Sales of new energy vehicles, including commercial vehicles, totaled 1.256 million units in , becoming the first time that annual sales pass the one million mark in any country.[20][131] Sales of plug-in passenger cars totaled 1,016,002 units,[132] and the plug-in passenger segment achieved a record market share of 4.2%, up from 2.1% in .[133] For the second year running, the BAIC EC-Series was the best selling plug-in car in China with 90,637 units delivered.[132]

According to research carried out by Sina Corp, out of 886,000 plug-in passenger vehicles sold in China during the first 11 months of , 201,000 units (22.6%) were delivered by the Chinese automakers to carsharing and vehicle for hire companies, with the rest to retail customers.[131]

At the end of , the Chinese stock of new energy vehicles continued to be the world's largest, and totaled 2,984,447 units including heavy-duty commercial vehicles. About 80% of the total NEV stock are all-electric vehicles.[134][4][20] As of December  , cumulative sales of domestically produced highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars totaled 2,243,772 units since .[132][135]

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The Tesla Model 3 was China's top selling new energy passenger car, with 139,925 units delivered.[136] With less than a year in the market, the Hongguang Mini (micro electric vehicles produced by China's SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Co., Ltd. , designed for urban travel and are popular in the market for compact body, low price and practical range)[12], with 119,255 units sold, was China's and the world's second best selling plug-in car after the Tesla Model 3.[137][136]

There were 4.9 million new energy vehicles at the end of , accounting for 1.75% of all vehicles in Chinese roads, of which, 4 million are all-electric vehicles (81.3%).[138] China accounts for 60% of the world's electric vehicle charging stations.[139]

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New energy vehicles sales in totaled 3.521 million in , consisting of 3.334 million passenger cars and 186,000 commercial vehicles.[23] As of December  , the stock of highway legal plug-in cars totaled 7.84 million units, corresponding to about 46% of the global plug-in car fleet in use. Of these, all-electric cars accounted for 81.6% of the all new energy passenger cars in circulation.[140] Plug-in passenger cars represent 2.6% of all cars on Chinese roads at the end of .[140]

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China produced 7.058 million new energy vehicle with a sale of 6.886 million in , with 1.588 million plug-in vehicle and about 4,000 fuel cell electric vehicle.[141] BYD Auto leads China's electric vehicle sales market in , with a total annual sales volume of 1. million vehicles, of which the DM hybrid (plug-in) electric vehicle accumulated a total annual sales volume of 946,200.[142] China's annual sales of electric cars were impressive, but their growth was stagnant at the end of the year due to the impact of the pandemic.[141]

In , China's new energy vehicle production and sales reached 9.587 million and 9.495 million respectively, up 35.8% and 37.9% year-on-year, with a market share of 31.6%. China's new energy vehicle production and sales account for more than 60% of the world's total, ranking first in the world for nine consecutive years. [13]

In , China's new energy vehicle production and sales reached 12.888 million and 12.866 million respectively, up 34.4% and 35.5% year-on-year respectively. And new energy vehicle sales reached 40.9% of the total new vehicle sales, an increase of 9.3 percentage points from . Among them, pure electric vehicle sales account for 60% of new energy vehicles, a decrease of 10.4 percentage points from ; plug-in hybrid vehicle sales account for 40% of new energy vehicles, an increase of 10.4 percentage points from . [14]

Regional and city markets

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As of December  , 25 cities, including their broader surrounding metropolitan areas, accounted for 44% of the world's stock of plug-in electric cars, while representing just 12% of world passenger vehicle sales. Shanghai led the world with cumulative sales of over 162,000 electric vehicles since , followed by Beijing with 147,000 and Los Angeles with 143,000.[145] Ranking next, with a stock of more than 50,000 electric vehicles are Shenzhen, Oslo, Hangzhou, San Francisco, Tianjin, Tokyo, San Jose, California, and Qingdao.[87] Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, and Tianjin have market shares ranging from 9% to 13%.[87]

As of , six Chinese cities have in place major restrictions on internal combustion vehicle purchases: Shenzhen, Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, and Tianjin. The local incentives and restrictions are different in each city, in the case of Shanghai most of the plug-in stock consist of plug-in hybrid vehicles, while in Beijing the stock is almost entirely all-electric.[92] [15]

According to sales estimates made by Bloomberg New Energy Finance, the sales volume in these six cities is such, that they would rank among the world's largest plug-in electric car markets in , if compared with the top selling countries in , excluding China and the U.S.[92]

According to China Passenger Car Association (CPCA), in , cities such as Shenzhen, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Chongqing, and Beijing led the way and make great contributions to the new energy commercial vehicle market. Among them, Shenzhen ranks first in new energy vehicle sales with 300,953, followed by Chengdu with 309,760, Guangzhou with 276,989, Shanghai with 297,378, and Beijing with 290,976. And the sales top 20 cities in China accounts for 55% of all NECV sales in . [16]

Charging and refueling infrastructure

[edit] Main article: GB/T charging standard

EV charging stations

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China has been building EV charging infrastructure ever since and experienced the most public charging growth infrastructure since .[146] In China accounted for more than half of the world public EV charging stations. In the year of China built 180,000 public charging stations.[146] Per capita charging stations in China still falls behind other markets. China's 200 charging stations per million is about half of what the European Union holds per capita.[146] As of early , there were more than 800,000 public charging stations in China, accounting for almost 2/3rd of all public charging stations worldwide.[147] According to the China Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Promotion Alliance, Guangdong has the biggest EV charging network in China, with 345,126 public chargers and 19,116 charging stations as of the end of September , more than doubling from the previous year. (The main reason is that the Guangdong Provincial Government attaches great importance to the construction of charging infrastructure for new energy vehicles; Guangdong Province has achieved full coverage of charging infrastructure construction in highway service areas and townships; Guangdong Province has attracted the active participation of many charging operation companies [17])[148] Most charging stations are operated by either state-owned energy companies, battery makers or EV manufacturers.[149] In , 360,000 public slow charging point were installed in China, making the total of slow chargers in the country to more than 1 million. At the end of , China was home to more than half of the global stock of public slow chargers. For fast chargers, the number increased by 330,000 globally in , and again the majority (almost 90%) of the growth came from China. In , China has total of 760,000 fast chargers.[150] The charging station energy companies also increased diversity, with 3,000 companies providing over 40 billion kwh charging amount in , 85% increase than last year.[151] By the end of , China now also has 16,721 charging stations in 3,974 highway service areas.[152] By the end of , China's highway service areas will have built a total of 35,000 charging piles, with a coverage rate of 98%. [18]

Operating companies of China's EV charging stations, such as Teladian, Xingxing Charging, State Grid, and Yunkuai Charging, have taken a dominant position in the market competition. As the industry leader, Teladian not only leads in the number of charging piles constructed but also realizes intelligent energy management for multiple vehicles within a region through its innovative "charging network" technology. [19]

Hydrogen refueling stations

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In December , China had 104 public hydrogen fuel stations, ranking second worldwide behind Japan.[153] Sinopec plans building an additional 1,000 stations by .[154]

At the first half of , China has completed over 270 hydrogen refueling stations, leading the global with around 40% of the total refueling stations. Hydrogen energy is a secondary energy source with rich sources, green and low carbon emission, it can be used as one key energy source when fighting against climate crisis. China is now the country with the largest hydrogen production, with annual production about 33 million tons.[155] In early , China has over 350 hydrogen refueling stations. By the end of , China has built more than 540 hydrogen refueling stations.[20] During the period of the "14th Five Year Plan", Sinopec aims to build 1,000 hydrogen refueling stations in China, by , China plans to create the largest network of hydrogen refueling station in the world, having over stations in the nation. The goal is to create the new industrial chain and system that does not reply on oil. Thus counter the climate crisis.[156]

From the perspective of each province, China's hydrogen refueling station construction presents a multi-point development trend. Until June of , among the provincial administrative units, only Tibet has no hydrogen refueling station built. Guangdong Province ranks first with 68 stations, and 7 provinces and cities including Shandong, Hebei, Jiangsu, Hubei, Zhejiang, Shanxi, and Henan have more than 20 stations. 7 provinces and cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Sichuan, Anhui, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, and Chongqing have between 10 and 20 stations. The rest of the provinces and cities have less than 10 stations. [21]

Passenger cars sales by model

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The following table presents annual sales of new energy passenger cars by model between January and December .

Sales of top selling new energy passenger vehicles in China by model between January and December Model Total sales
– NEV segment
market
share(1) Sales
[102][116][117][157] Sales
[108][114][158] Sales
[11][97] Sales
[11][159] Sales
[11][160][161] BYD Qin 46,787 10.5% 31,898 14,747 142 — — Kandi EV 31,134 7.0% 16,736 14,398 — — — BAIC E150/160/200 EV 23,832 5.4% 16,488 5,234 1,466 644 BYD Tang 18,375 4.1% 18,375 — — — — Chery QQ3 EV 16,247(2) 3.7% 3,208(2) 2,016(3) 5,727 3,129 2,167 Zotye Cloud/Z100 EV 15,467 3.5% 15,467 — — — — JAC J3/iEV 15,279 3.5% ~9,000 ~1,000 1,309 2,485 1,585(4) BYD e6 14,257(5) 3.2% 7,029 3,560 1,544 1,690 401 Zotye Zhidou E20 13,726 3.1% 6,385 7,341 — — — SAIC Roewe 550 PHEV 11,711 2.6% 10,711 ~1,000 — — — Chery eQ 7,804 1.8% 7,262 542 — — — Tesla Model S[42][112][113] 5,524(6) 1.2% 3,025(6) 2,499 — — — Geely-Kandi Panda EV 4,939 1.1% 3,654 1,285 — — — Zhidou D2 3,777 0.8% 3,777 — — — — BYD F3DM 3,284(5) 0.7% — — 1,005 1,201 613 Denza EV 3,020 0.7% 2,888 132 — — — Zhidou D1 2,387 0.5% 2,387 — — — — Venucia e30 2,071 0.5% 1,271 582 — — — BYD e5 1,426 0.3% 1,426 — — — — SAIC Roewe E50 1,227 0.3% 412 168 409 238 — Zotye TT EV 1,984 0.4% 1,984 — — — — Total new energy vehicles sales[14][15][16][17][18] 444,447(7) - 331,092 74,763 17,642 12,791 8,159 Notes:
(1) Model market share as percentage of the 444,447 new energy vehicles sold between and December .
(2) Only sales between January and June .[162]
(3) Only includes sales between January and March .
(4) Combined sales for and .[161]
(5) BYD e6 total includes 33 units sold in . F3DM total includes 417 units sold in and 48 in .[163][164]
(6) Tesla Model S sales through September .
(7) Total annual NEV sales figures include heavy-duty vehicles, such all-electric buses and sanitation trucks, but do not include Tesla Model S sales nor any other imports.

China's auto price war in

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After the Chinese New Year holiday in , the price war in China's auto market continued to expand. BYD launched a new model, proposed the concept of "electricity is cheaper than oil", and reduced the price of new energy vehicles to less than 80,000 yuan. [22] Many other OEMs followed the price war, either launching new entry-level models with lower prices or lowering prices.

This round of price adjustments by electric car companies is intended to further increase the penetration rate of new energy vehicles in low-tier cities, jointly encircle and suppress fuel car companies, and suppress their survival space.

Premium car brands such as Mercedes-Benz and BMW also lowered their profile and began to cut prices for promotions in China market [23]. Then in July , BMW announced that it would be the first to withdraw from the price war in the Chinese auto market and reduce preferential policies. Mercedes-Benz, Audi and others followed suit. [24]

Chinese consumers' preferences for new energy vehicles

[edit]

In , Chinese consumers' preferences for new energy vehicles will show the following characteristics:

1. The acceptance of new energy vehicles continues to increase: With the continuous advancement of new energy vehicle technology and the improvement of infrastructure, more and more Chinese consumers have a positive attitude towards new energy vehicles. According to iiMedia Research, more than 70% of consumers are optimistic about new energy vehicles. [25] According to Deloitte Consulting report in , 27% of Chinese respondents consider buying pure electric vehicles, which is much higher than the 5% in the United States. [26]

2. Range and safety performance are key factors affecting car purchase decisions: According to iiMedia Research, when purchasing new energy vehicles, the factors that consumers are most concerned about include maximum range, vehicle safety and price. [27]

China's new energy vehicles export

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In -, China's new energy vehicle exports were mainly concentrated in Asia, mainly in ASEAN, India and Bangladesh. In , China's new energy vehicle exports began to gradually open up the European and American markets, and Europe became one of the important markets for China's new energy vehicle exports. [28]

In , China's new energy vehicle exports reached 1.203 million units, a year-on-year increase of 77.6%, accounting for 24.5% of the total automobile exports, and the export destinations covered more than 180 countries around the world. [29] In , China's new energy vehicle exports exceeded 2 million units, a year-on-year increase of 12%, and it continued to be the world's largest exporter of new energy vehicles. [30]

China new energy vehicles sales model

[edit]

The sales model of new energy vehicles in China has undergone significant changes in recent years, mainly reflected in the shift from the traditional dealer model to the direct sales model or agency model.

Traditionally, the Chinese auto market adopts the "4S" store model, but some Chinese NEV manufacturers, such as NIO, have adopted a direct sales model to connect directly with consumers through self-operated stores. According to Landroads' sales service capability research on 31 new energy brands in the first half of , NIO's direct sales model performed well in three dimensions: basic service capabilities, customer satisfaction, and employee professionalism. [31]

Some manufacturers have also begun to explore the agency sales model. In this model, manufacturers work with dealers, who act as agents to sell vehicles on behalf of the manufacturer. In November , NIO began recruiting dealer partners, hinting that it would adopt an agency model to expand its sales network. [32]

Challenges

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Subsidies are expected to be reduced in , and subsidies for some models may be halved, which may dampen consumer enthusiasm for new energy vehicles and lead to slower growth in the overall new energy passenger vehicle market.

International political and economic uncertainty could also further affect China's new energy vehicle market. The impending return of Donald Trump's administration to the United States could lead to additional tariffs and industry restrictions against China, exacerbating economic uncertainty. Meanwhile, pending negotiations on the EU's imposition of high anti-subsidy duties on Chinese pure electric vehicles could disrupt the global automotive supply chain. [33]

See also

[edit]

• Electric car
• Electric car use by country
• Electric vehicle industry in China
• Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
• List of production battery electric vehicles
• Plug-in electric vehicles in Hong Kong
• Plug-in electric vehicles in Taiwan

[32]

For more information, please visit Car Charging Devices Supply.

References

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